Graphics in C allows drawing shapes, displaying colors, and creating visual output using graphical functions. 1. Initialization #include <graphics.h> int gd = DETECT, gm; initgraph(&gd, &gm, “”); // Initialize graphics mode 2. Graphical Mode closegraph(); // Return to text mode 3. Graphical Functions Key Takeaways
File handling allows programs to store and retrieve data permanently on storage devices, making data persistent even after program termination. 1. Types of File 2. Opening & Closing Data File FILE *fp; fp = fopen(“data.txt”, “r”); // Open for reading fclose(fp); 3. Read & Write Functions 4. Writing & Reading Data To/From Data File FILE…
Structures and unions are user-defined data types that allow grouping of different types of data under a single name. 1. Structure struct Student { int id; char name[20]; float marks; }; struct Student s1 = {1, “Alice”, 85.5}; printf(“%s”, s1.name); 2. Nested Structure struct Date { int day, month, year; }; struct Student { char…
Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable. They provide direct access to memory and are powerful for dynamic memory management, arrays, and functions. 1. The Address (&) and Indirection (*) Operators int x = 10; printf(“%p”, &x); // Prints address of x int *p = &x; printf(“%d”, *p); // Prints 10 2….
Functions are blocks of code designed to perform a specific task. They make programs modular, readable, and reusable. 1. Components of a Function A function generally consists of: int add(int, int); // Declares function before use int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } int sum = add(5, 3); 2. Function Parameters…
Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same type under a single name. They help in organizing data and make operations like sorting and searching efficient. 1. Declaration and Initialization Declaration: Specifies the type and size of the array. int marks[5]; // Array of 5 integers Initialization: Assigns values at the time of…
Control structures determine the flow of execution of a program. Instead of running sequentially line by line, they allow decisions, repetitions, and jumps to be made. There are three main types: Branching, Looping, and Jumping. 1. Branching (Decision-Making) (a) if Statement Executes a block if the condition is true. if (marks >= 40) { printf(“Pass”);…
In C programming, Input/Output (I/O) operations allow us to communicate with the user. Input refers to getting data from the user, while output refers to displaying data to the user. This unit focuses on both formatted and unformatted I/O functions. 1. Input/Output Operations in C 2. Formatted I/O Functions Formatted I/O functions allow input/output in…
Operators are the symbols used to perform specific operations on data. Expressions are the combinations of variables, constants, and operators that produce values. Together, they are the core of problem-solving in C programming. 1. Arithmetic Operators Used for mathematical calculations. Operator Meaning Example Result + Addition 5 + 3 8 – Subtraction 5 – 3…
C is one of the most popular programming languages in computer science. It is often called the mother of all programming languages because many modern languages like C++, Java, and Python have roots in C. This unit introduces the core foundations of C programming. 1. Introduction to C 2. History of C 3. Features of…