Personal computing refers to the use of computers by individuals for tasks such as word processing, communication, gaming, and data management. These computers are commonly known as Personal Computers (PCs) and come in various forms, including desktops, laptops, and tablets. The Processor The processor, also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the “brain” of…
5.1 Basic Models of Sequential Machines Concept of State in Sequential Circuits Sequential circuits store information about past inputs in flip-flops. The stored information determines the circuit’s current state, which influences future outputs. Types of Sequential Machines State Diagram A state diagram represents the behavior of a sequential machine using: Example: (S0) –1–> (S1) (S1)…
4.1 Flip-Flops: RS, JK, JK Master-Slave, D, & T Flip-Flops A flip-flop is a sequential logic circuit that can store one bit of data. Types of Flip-Flops and Their Operations Flip-Flop Type Inputs Operation Truth Table SR Flip-Flop S (Set), R (Reset) Stores 1 when S=1, 0 when R=1 S=0, R=0 → No ChangeS=1, R=0…
3.1 Basic Logic Gates: NOT, OR, AND Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a binary output. Gate Symbol Operation Boolean Expression NOT 🔲 Inverts input (0→1, 1→0) X’ OR ➕ Outputs 1 if any input is 1 X + Y…
2.1 Binary, Octal, & Hexadecimal Number Systems and Their Conversions Number Systems Overview A number system defines a way to represent numbers using specific symbols. In digital logic, the most common systems are: Number System Base Symbols Used Example Binary 2 0, 1 101101₂ Octal 8 0-7 67₈ Decimal 10 0-9 345₁₀ Hexadecimal 16 0-9,…
1.1 Digital Signals and Waveforms A digital signal represents data as discrete values, typically 0s and 1s. Unlike analog signals, which vary continuously, digital signals are more reliable and resistant to noise. Key Characteristics of Digital Signals: ✔ Discrete values – Only two levels: High (1) and Low (0).✔ Less noise interference – More reliable…
1. Multimedia Multimedia refers to a combination of different content types, such as text, images, audio, video, and animation, to provide an interactive experience. Key Features of Multimedia: Examples of Multimedia Applications: 2. E-Commerce E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the process of buying and selling goods and services over the Internet. Types of E-Commerce: Technologies Used…
Introduction to Internet and Its Applications The Internet is a global system of interconnected networks that use the TCP/IP protocol to share information worldwide. Applications of the Internet Connecting to the Internet Users can connect to the Internet using different technologies: Client/Server Technology The Client-Server model is a computing architecture where clients request services from…