Society Society is a collection of individuals united by shared relationships, behaviors, and cultural norms. It provides structure and order to human interactions. Types of Societies Characteristics of Society ✔ Interdependence: People rely on each other for resources and survival.✔ Diversity: Differences in caste, class, religion, and culture.✔ Social Awareness: Shared understanding of societal norms…
Definition of Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human society, social interactions, and social behavior. It examines how individuals and groups interact within a society and how social structures influence human actions. Nature of Sociology The key features of sociology include: Scope of Sociology Sociology is a broad field that studies various aspects of…
I. Programming and Languages C Language C is a high-level programming language developed in the 1970s for system programming, particularly in the UNIX operating system. Key Features of C Language Feature Description Example Data Types Supports int, char, float, double. int age = 25; Control Flow Uses if-else, loops, switch-case. for(i=0; i<5; i++) Functions Supports…
I. Computer Software Comparing Software Packages Software packages are collections of related programs designed to perform specific tasks. These can be compared based on: Feature Software A Software B Example Functionality Basic editing Advanced features MS Word vs. Google Docs User Interface Simple layout Complex with more tools Windows vs. Linux Performance Fast processing More…
Personal computing refers to the use of computers by individuals for tasks such as word processing, communication, gaming, and data management. These computers are commonly known as Personal Computers (PCs) and come in various forms, including desktops, laptops, and tablets. The Processor The processor, also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the “brain” of…
5.1 Basic Models of Sequential Machines Concept of State in Sequential Circuits Sequential circuits store information about past inputs in flip-flops. The stored information determines the circuit’s current state, which influences future outputs. Types of Sequential Machines State Diagram A state diagram represents the behavior of a sequential machine using: Example: (S0) –1–> (S1) (S1)…
4.1 Flip-Flops: RS, JK, JK Master-Slave, D, & T Flip-Flops A flip-flop is a sequential logic circuit that can store one bit of data. Types of Flip-Flops and Their Operations Flip-Flop Type Inputs Operation Truth Table SR Flip-Flop S (Set), R (Reset) Stores 1 when S=1, 0 when R=1 S=0, R=0 → No ChangeS=1, R=0…
3.1 Basic Logic Gates: NOT, OR, AND Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a binary output. Gate Symbol Operation Boolean Expression NOT 🔲 Inverts input (0→1, 1→0) X’ OR ➕ Outputs 1 if any input is 1 X + Y…