1. Introduction Security management in an operating system protects the computer system and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and misuse.It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. 2. Security Problems 3. User Authentication Ensures that only authorized users can access the system. Methods of Authentication: 4. User Authorization Determines what resources or operations a user…
1. Introduction The file system allows users and applications to store, retrieve, and organize data on storage devices.It provides an interface between physical storage and user applications. 2. File Concept File: A collection of related information stored as a unit.Key points: 3. File Operations 4. File Access Methods 5. Directory Structure Organizes files into logical…
1. Introduction I/O devices allow the computer to communicate with the outside world (keyboard, mouse, disk, printer).The OS manages these devices efficiently to improve performance and reliability. 2. I/O Hardware Key components: Direct Memory Access (DMA): 3. I/O Software Goal: Make devices easier to use and manage. Types of I/O operations: 4. I/O Software Layers…
1. Introduction Memory management is a core function of the operating system. It manages primary memory (RAM) efficiently so that processes can run smoothly. Key points: 2. Memory Hierarchy Memory is organized in levels based on speed and cost: Level Type Characteristics 1 Registers Fastest, smallest, inside CPU 2 Cache Fast, small, stores frequently used…
1️. Introduction to Deadlocks A deadlock is a situation where a group of processes is permanently blocked because each process holds a resource and waits for another resource held by another process. Example:Process P1 holds Printer and waits for Scanner,while P2 holds Scanner and waits for Printer → both stuck forever. 2️. System Model In…
1. Introduction A process is a program in execution.It is an active entity with its own program counter (PC), stack, data section, and system resources. When a program is loaded into memory, it becomes a process. Example: When you open MS Word → program code + data + resources = process. 2. Program vs Process…
1. Introduction The structure of an Operating System defines how its components are organized and how they interact with one another.A well-structured OS improves performance, reliability, security, and maintainability. Operating systems can be structured in different ways, depending on design goals such as simplicity, modularity, speed, and flexibility. 2. System Components of an Operating System…
1. Introduction to Operating System An Operating System (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides services for computer programs.It acts as an interface between the user and hardware to ensure the system operates efficiently. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, UNIX. 2. History and Generations of Operating System Generation Period…
1. Introduction to PDEs A Partial Differential Equation (PDE) involves partial derivatives of a function of two or more independent variables. General form: [F(x, y, z, p, q, r, s, t) = 0]where( z = f(x, y) ),( p = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} ),( q = \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} ),( r = \frac{\partial^2 z}{\partial x^2}…
1. Introduction An Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) is an equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives with respect to one independent variable. Example:[\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x, y)] Goal → To find approximate (y) for (x = x_1, x_2, …) 2. Methods for Solving ODEs There are two types: 3. Euler’s Method The simplest numerical method….