Programming is not just about writing code – it’s about designing the logic in such a way that it is readable, reusable, efficient, and error-free. In this unit, we study different techniques and approaches that help us organize programs properly. 1. Introduction to Programming Technique 2. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach a) Top-Down Approach Example: Making…
1. Introduction to Programming Language 2. Types of Programming Language i) Low Level Language ii) High Level Language (HLL) iii) Fourth Generation Language (4GL) iv) Object-Oriented Programming Language (OOPL) 3. Language Processors Programs that convert high-level code into machine code. Diagram: Source Code → [Compiler/Interpreter/Assembler] → Machine Code → Execution 4. Program Errors 5. Features…
1. Basic Principle of Counting 2. Permutation (Arrangement of Objects) (a) Set of Objects All Different Example:Find the number of ways to arrange 3 objects out of 5. (b) Set of Objects Not All Different Example:Number of distinct words formed from letters of “BALLOON”: (c) Circular Arrangement Example:Ways to arrange 5 people around a circular…
Part 1: Conic Sections 🔷 1.1 Definitions Conic Definition Circle Set of points equidistant from a fixed point (center). Parabola Set of points equidistant from a fixed point (focus) and a line (directrix). Ellipse Set of points where the sum of distances from two fixed points (foci) is constant. Hyperbola Set of points where the…
1. Introduction to Matrices Matrix: A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. Notation: where ( a_{ij} ) represents the element at row ( i ) and column ( j ). 2. Types of Matrices Row Matrix: Column Matrix: Square Matrix: Diagonal Matrix: Identity Matrix (I): Zero Matrix: 3. Equality of Matrices Two matrices…
Introduction to Communication System A communication system is a setup that allows two or more devices to exchange data using transmission media like cables or wireless signals. Fundamental Characteristics of Communication: Examples of Communication Systems: Modes of Communication Communication can happen in different modes depending on how data is transmitted. 1. Simplex Mode 2. Half-Duplex…
Introduction to DBMS A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage, and manipulate databases efficiently. It ensures organized storage, quick retrieval, security, and data integrity. Key Features of DBMS: ✅ Efficient data storage and retrieval✅ Reduced redundancy and inconsistency✅ Multi-user access with concurrency control✅ Data security and backup mechanisms Examples…
Introduction to Operating System An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources while providing essential services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. Functions of an Operating System An OS performs several important functions: 1. Process Management 2. Memory Management 3. File…
Introduction to Software Types of Software Program vs. Software Computer Virus and Antivirus #BCA #BCATU #BCAGuideNepal
Unit 1: Introduction to Computer System – 16 Hrs [BCA Guide Nepal] Introduction of Computer Characteristics of Computer Applications of Computer Classification of Computer Mobile Computing Anatomy of a Digital Computer Content: Computer Architecture Memory & Its Classification Input Devices Output Devices Interfaces #BCA #BCATU #BCAGuideNepal