I. Machine Translation
AI and Expert Systems
Machine Translation (MT) is a field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that focuses on translating text or speech from one language to another using computer algorithms.
Types of Machine Translation
| Type | Description | Example |
| Rule-Based MT (RBMT) | Uses grammatical and linguistic rules for translation. | SYSTRAN |
| Statistical MT (SMT) | Uses probability models to predict translations. | Google Translate (old version) |
| Neural MT (NMT) | Uses deep learning to improve translation accuracy. | Google Translate (current), DeepL |
Expert Systems in AI
An Expert System is a program that mimics human decision-making using knowledge bases and inference engines.
| Application | Example |
| Medical Diagnosis | IBM Watson diagnosing diseases |
| Legal Systems | AI-based legal advisors |
| Translation | Google Translate’s AI-based NMT |
Language Focus M: Cause and Effect
- “Because AI has improved, translations are now more accurate.”
- “Since expert systems store vast knowledge, they can make quick decisions.”
- “Due to better algorithms, machine translation is becoming more reliable.”
II. Multimedia
Computer-to-Video Conversion
Computer-to-video conversion is the process of converting digital content into video format for display on screens.
Key Concepts
- Interlaced vs. Progressive Scan:
- Interlaced: Displays alternating lines to save bandwidth.
- Progressive: Displays full frames for better quality.
- Compression Techniques:
- MPEG, H.264 for reducing file size.
Examples of Multimedia Applications
| Application | Description | Example |
| Education | Interactive learning tools | Virtual classrooms |
| Entertainment | Movies, music, gaming | Netflix, YouTube |
| Advertising | Digital billboards, animated ads | Google Ads |
Language Focus N: Making Predictions
- “In the future, virtual reality will replace traditional screens.”
- “Multimedia applications will become more interactive.”
- “It is expected that AI-driven video editing will improve content creation.”
III. Computer Graphics
24-bit Color
24-bit color refers to true color, where each pixel is represented using 8 bits for red, green, and blue (RGB), allowing for 16.7 million colors.
Applications of 24-bit Color Graphics
| Field | Usage |
| Medical Imaging | High-resolution scans (MRI, CT scans) |
| Video Games | Realistic textures and lighting |
| Film Industry | Special effects and CGI |
| Graphic Design | Digital art and image editing |
Language Focus O: Letter Writing
When writing professional letters, follow these guidelines:
- Formal Greeting: “Dear Hiring Manager,”
- Clear Purpose: “I am writing to inquire about…”
- Concise Information: “I have attached my resume for your review.”
- Polite Closing: “Looking forward to your response.”
Example Email Requesting a Job Interview:
| Dear Mr. Smith, I am writing to express my interest in the Software Engineer position at ABC Corp. With a strong background in AI and machine learning, I believe I can contribute to your team. Please let me know if we can schedule an interview at your convenience. Best regards, John Doe |
#BCA #BCATU #BCAGuideNepal #English-I #ExamNotes
